"""
by K. Urner, 4D Solutions
Feb 4, 2001: appended Fraction class
Oct 7, 2000: recursive version of mkdomain, rewrite mkfunction, mkderiv
and canned functions to handle optional args w/ apply
May 4, 2000: added semi-circle
May 3, 2000: overhauled/generalized to accommodate parametric, catenary,
derivative features -- more consistent use of domain concept
Mar 23, 2000: modified sinewave function to match linked Java applet
Mar 05, 2000: removed any hard-coded pov file references
"""
import math, povray, primes
from coords import Vector
def mkdomain(low, high, interval):
"""
Builds domain from low to high, stepping by interval
"""
output = [low] # the output list
i=1 # number of intervals from low
while output[-1]+interval<=high:
output.append(low + i*interval)
i=i+1 # increment intervals counter
return output
def mkdomain1(start,stop,step=1):
"""
Recursive, uses addition -- would seem more straightforward
than mkdomain's multiplication but accumulates floating point
"dryer lint"
"""
if start>stop: return []
else: return [start] + mkdomain(start+step,stop,step)
def mkfunction(domain, rule, args={}):
"""
accept list of domain values, rule, optional arguments
return (domain,range) pairs of corresponding function
"""
output = []
for x in domain:
output.append((x,apply(rule,(x,),args)))
return output
def mkderiv(domain,rule,args={},h=1e-10):
"""
Approximate derivative function over domain, allowing optional
constants to the function
"""
pairs = []
for x in domain: # for each member of domain...
rvalue = (apply(rule,(x+h,),args)-apply(rule,(x-h,),args))/(2*h)
pairs.append((x,rvalue))
return pairs
def mkpara(domain,rule1,rule2,rule3):
"""
parametric function builder
accept list of domain values, rules
return (domain,range) pairs of corresponding function
"""
outlist = []
for t in domain: # for each member of domain...
rvalue = (rule1(t),rule2(t),rule3(t)) # ... compute range
outlist.append((t,rvalue)) # append tuple
return outlist
def parabola(x,a=1,d=0):
return a*(x**2) - d
def catenary(x,k=1):
return math.cosh(k*x)
def sinewave(x,a=1,f=1,c=0):
return a * math.sin(x*f - c)
def semicircle(x,r=1):
return (r**2 - x**2) ** 0.5
def getlength(myfunc):
"""
approximates length of curve as sum of segments
for list of (x,f(x)) tuples
"""
length = 0
for i in range(len(myfunc)-1):
v1 = Vector((myfunc[i]+(0,)))
v2 = Vector((myfunc[i+1]+(0,)))
length = length + (v2-v1).length()
return length
def getlength1(myfunc,deltax):
"""
approximates length of curve as sum of
root( 1+(df(x)/dx)^2 ) * deltax for list
of (x,df(x)/dx) tuples (discrete)
"""
sum = 0
for i in myfunc:
sum = sum + deltax * ((1 + i[1]**2 )**0.5)
return sum
def graphfunc(myfunc, myfile):
"""
draws function for list of (x,f(x)) tuples
"""
for i in range(len(myfunc)-1):
v1 = Vector((myfunc[i][0],myfunc[i][1],0))
v2 = Vector((myfunc[i+1][0],myfunc[i+1][1],0))
myfile.edge(v1,v2) # draw edge between the two
def graphpoints(myfunc, myfile):
"""
draws points for list of (x,f(x)) tuples
"""
for i in myfunc:
v1 = Vector((i[0],i[1],0))
myfile.point(v1) # draw point
def graphpara(myfunc, myfile):
"""
draws function for list of (t,(f(t),g(t),h(t))) tuples
"""
for i in range(len(myfunc)-1):
v1 = Vector(myfunc[i][1]) # vector of (t,vector) pair
v2 = Vector(myfunc[i+1][1]) # vector from next pair
myfile.edge(v1,v2) # draw edge between the two
def xyzaxes(file,n):
tmp = file.cylcolor
posx = Vector((n,0,0))
file.cylcolor = 'Green'
file.shaft(posx)
file.shaft(-posx)
posy = Vector((0,n,0))
file.cylcolor = 'Orange'
file.shaft(posy)
file.shaft(-posy)
posz = Vector((0,0,n))
file.cylcolor = 'Cyan'
file.shaft(posz)
file.shaft(-posz)
# leave color unchanged
file.cylcolor = tmp
def example0():
"""
graphs sine wave from -pi to pi
"""
domain = mkdomain(-math.pi,math.pi,0.01)
function = mkfunction(domain,sinewave)
myfile = povray.Povray("sinewave.pov",20)
xyzaxes(myfile,3)
graphfunc(function, myfile)
myfile.close()
def example1():
"""
graphs sine wave points from -pi to pi
"""
set = mkdomain(-math.pi,math.pi,0.01)
function = mkfunction(set,sinewave,{'a':3,'f':4})
myfile = povray.Povray("sine1.pov",28,0)
xyzaxes(myfile,3)
graphpoints(function, myfile)
myfile.close()
def example2():
"""
graphs catenary and derivative
"""
domain = mkdomain(-2,2,0.01)
function = mkfunction(domain,catenary,{'k':2.0/3.0})
dfunction = mkderiv(domain,catenary,{'k':2.0/3.0},0.01)
print getlength(function)
print getlength1(dfunction,0.01)
myfile = povray.Povray("testgraph.pov",8,0)
xyzaxes(myfile,3)
graphfunc(function, myfile)
myfile.cylcolor = 'Red'
graphfunc(dfunction, myfile)
myfile.close()
class Fraction:
p = 1L
q = 1L
def mkfract(self,n):
if type(n).__name__ in ['int','float','long int']:
return Fraction(n)
else: return n
def __init__(self,num=1L,den=1L):
self.p = long(num)
self.q = long(den)
self.simplify()
def __mul__(self,other):
fract = self.mkfract(other)
return Fraction(self.p * fract.p,
self.q * fract.q)
def __div__(self,n):
# divide self by another fraction
fract = self.mkfract(n)
recip = Fraction(fract.q,fract.p)
return self.__mul__(recip)
def simplify(self):
# reduce numerator/denominator to lowest terms
divisor = primes.gcd(self.p,self.q)
if abs(divisor) > 1:
self.p /= divisor
self.q /= divisor
def __add__(self,n):
# add self to another fraction
fract = self.mkfract(n)
common = primes.lcm(self.q,fract.q)
term1 = self.p * common/self.q
term2 = fract.p * common/fract.q
return Fraction(term1+term2,common)
def __sub__(self,n):
# subtract another fraction from self
return self.__add__(-n)
def __neg__(self):
# negate self
return Fraction(-self.p,self.q)
__rmul__ = __mul__
def __repr__(self):
return str(self.p)+".0/"+str(self.q)+".0"
def list(self):
return [self.p,self.q]
def float(self):
return (self.p*1.0)/(self.q*1.0)